A & H Kosher Beef Franks
| A | |
|---|---|
| A a ɑ | |
| (Encounter beneath) | |
 | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Latin script |
| Type | Alphabet |
| Language of origin | Latin language |
| Phonetic usage |
|
| Unicode codepoint | U+0041, U+0061 |
| Alphabetical position | ane Numerical value: 1 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Time catamenia | ~-700 to present |
| Descendants |
|
| Sisters |
|
| Variations | (Run across beneath) |
| Other | |
| Other messages commonly used with | a(10), ae, eau |
| Associated numbers | 1 |
A, or a, is the first letter of the alphabet and the first vowel of the mod English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet.[1] [2] Its name in English is a (pronounced ), plural aes.[nb 1] It is like in shape to the Ancient Greek letter alpha, from which information technology derives.[3] The majuscule version consists of the two slanting sides of a triangle, crossed in the centre by a horizontal bar. The lowercase version tin be written in 2 forms: the double-storey a and single-storey ɑ. The latter is commonly used in handwriting and fonts based on information technology, especially fonts intended to be read past children, and is also found in italic blazon.
In the English grammar, "a", and its variant "an", are indefinite articles.
History
| Egyptian | Proto-Sinaitic ʾalp | Proto-Canaanite | Phoenician aleph | Greek Alpha | Etruscan A | Latin/ Cyrillic A | Greek Uncial | Latin 300 Advertizement Uncial | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | |
The primeval certain antecedent of "A" is aleph (as well written 'aleph), the start letter of the alphabet of the Phoenician alphabet,[4] which consisted entirely of consonants (for that reason, information technology is besides called an abjad to distinguish it from a truthful alphabet). In turn, the antecedent of aleph may have been a pictogram of an ox head in proto-Sinaitic script[5] influenced by Egyptian hieroglyphs, styled as a triangular head with 2 horns extended.
When the ancient Greeks adopted the alphabet, they had no employ for a alphabetic character to stand for the glottal stop—the consonant sound that the letter denoted in Phoenician and other Semitic languages, and that was the first phoneme of the Phoenician pronunciation of the alphabetic character—then they used their version of the sign to represent the vowel /a/, and called it by the similar name of alpha. In the earliest Greek inscriptions subsequently the Greek Night Ages, dating to the 8th century BC, the letter rests upon its side, merely in the Greek alphabet of later times it more often than not resembles the modernistic capital alphabetic character, although many local varieties tin can exist distinguished past the shortening of one leg, or by the angle at which the cantankerous line is fix.
The Etruscans brought the Greek alphabet to their culture in the Italian Peninsula and left the letter of the alphabet unchanged. The Romans later adopted the Etruscan alphabet to write the Latin language, and the resulting letter was preserved in the Latin alphabet that would come to be used to write many languages, including English language.
Typographic variants
Different glyphs of the lowercase letter A.
During Roman times, there were many variant forms of the letter "A". First was the monumental or lapidary style, which was used when inscribing on stone or other "permanent" media. In that location was also a cursive style used for everyday or commonsensical writing, which was done on more perishable surfaces. Due to the "perishable" nature of these surfaces, in that location are not as many examples of this style as there are of the awe-inspiring, but there are notwithstanding many surviving examples of unlike types of cursive, such as majuscule cursive, minuscule cursive, and semicursive minuscule. Variants also existed that were intermediate betwixt the awe-inspiring and cursive styles. The known variants include the early semi-uncial, the uncial, and the later semi-uncial.[6]
At the end of the Roman Empire (5th century Advertisement), several variants of the cursive minuscule developed through Western Europe. Amid these were the semicursive minuscule of Italy, the Merovingian script in France, the Visigothic script in Spain, and the Insular or Anglo-Irish semi-uncial or Anglo-Saxon capital letter of Great United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. By the 9th century, the Caroline script, which was very similar to the present-day form, was the master grade used in book-making, before the appearance of the printing printing. This form was derived through a combining of prior forms.[6]
Road sign in Ireland, showing the Irish "Latin blastoff" course of "a" in lower and upper case forms.
15th-century Italia saw the formation of the two principal variants that are known today. These variants, the Italic and Roman forms, were derived from the Caroline Script version. The Italic form, likewise chosen script a, is used in most current handwriting; it consists of a circle and vertical stroke on the correct ("ɑ"). This slowly developed from the fifth-century form resembling the Greek letter tau in the easily of medieval Irish and English language writers.[4] The Roman form is used in near printed material; it consists of a small loop with an arc over information technology ("a").[half-dozen] Both derive from the capital letter (capital) form. In Greek handwriting, it was common to bring together the left leg and horizontal stroke into a single loop, as demonstrated past the uncial version shown. Many fonts then made the right leg vertical. In some of these, the serif that began the right leg stroke adult into an arc, resulting in the printed form, while in others information technology was dropped, resulting in the modernistic handwritten course. Graphic designers refer to the Italic and Roman forms as "single decker a" and "double decker a" respectively.
Italic type is unremarkably used to mark emphasis or more generally to distinguish one part of a text from the residuum (set in Roman blazon). There are some other cases aside from italic type where script a ("ɑ"), also called Latin alpha, is used in contrast with Latin "a" (such as in the International Phonetic Alphabet).
Use in writing systems
Pronunciation of the proper name of the alphabetic character ⟨a⟩ in European languages, note that /a/ and /aː/ can differ phonetically betwixt [a], [ä], [æ] and [ɑ] depending on the language.
English
In modernistic English language orthography, the letter of the alphabet ⟨a⟩ represents at least seven unlike vowel sounds:
- the virtually-open forepart unrounded vowel /æ/ as in pad;
- the open back unrounded vowel /ɑː/ as in male parent, which is closer to its original Latin and Greek audio;[5]
- the diphthong /eɪ/ equally in ace and major (usually when ⟨a⟩ is followed by one, or occasionally ii, consonants and then another vowel letter) – this results from Middle English lengthening followed by the Great Vowel Shift;
- the modified grade of the above audio that occurs before ⟨r⟩, as in foursquare and Mary;
- the rounded vowel of water;
- the shorter rounded vowel (not present in Full general American) in was and what;[4]
- a schwa, in many unstressed syllables, every bit in about, comma, solar.
The double ⟨aa⟩ sequence does non occur in native English words, but is found in some words derived from foreign languages such as Aaron and aardvark.[seven] Still, ⟨a⟩ occurs in many common digraphs, all with their own sound or sounds, particularly ⟨ai⟩, ⟨au⟩, ⟨aw⟩, ⟨ay⟩, ⟨ea⟩ and ⟨oa⟩.
⟨a⟩ is the third-most-commonly used alphabetic character in English (after ⟨e⟩ and ⟨t⟩) and French, the 2nd most mutual in Spanish, and the most common in Portuguese. About 8.167% of letters used in English language texts tend to be ⟨a⟩;[8] the number is around 7.636% in French,[9] xi.525% in Castilian,[10] and 14.634% for Portuguese.[11]
Other languages
In nearly languages that apply the Latin alphabet, ⟨a⟩ denotes an open up unrounded vowel, such equally /a/, /ä/, or /ɑ/. An exception is Saanich, in which ⟨a⟩ (and the glyph Á) stands for a close-mid front end unrounded vowel /eastward/.
Other systems
In phonetic and phonemic notation:
- in the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front unrounded vowel, ⟨ä⟩ is used for the open primal unrounded vowel, and ⟨ɑ⟩ is used for the open back unrounded vowel.
- in Ten-SAMPA, ⟨a⟩ is used for the open front unrounded vowel and ⟨A⟩ is used for the open dorsum unrounded vowel.
Other uses
In algebra, the letter a along with various other messages of the alphabet is oft used to denote a variable, with various conventional meanings in different areas of mathematics. Moreover, in 1637, René Descartes "invented the convention of representing unknowns in equations by ten, y, and z, and knowns by a, b, and c",[12] and this convention is even so often followed, particularly in elementary algebra.
In geometry, uppercase A, B, C etc. are used to denote segments, lines, rays, etc.[6] A capital A is also typically used every bit ane of the messages to represent an angle in a triangle, the lowercase a representing the side contrary angle A.[five]
"A" is often used to denote something or someone of a better or more prestigious quality or status: A−, A or A+, the all-time class that can exist assigned by teachers for students' schoolwork; "A grade" for clean restaurants; A-list celebrities, etc. Such associations can accept a motivating event, as exposure to the letter A has been found to improve performance, when compared with other messages.[13]
"A" is used equally a prefix on some words, such as asymmetry, to hateful "not" or "without" (from Greek).
In English language grammar, "a", and its variant "an", is an indefinite article, used to innovate noun phrases.
Finally, the letter A is used to announce size, as in a narrow size shoe,[v] or a pocket-sized cup size in a brassiere.[fourteen]
- Æ æ : Latin AE ligature
- A with diacritics: Å å Ǻ ǻ Ḁ ḁ ẚ Ă ă Ặ ặ Ắ ắ Ằ ằ Ẳ ẳ Ẵ ẵ Ȃ ȃ Â â Ậ ậ Ấ ấ Ầ ầ Ẫ ẫ Ẩ ẩ Ả ả Ǎ ǎ Ⱥ ⱥ Ȧ ȧ Ǡ ǡ Ạ ạ Ä ä Ǟ ǟ À à Ȁ ȁ Á á Ā ā Ā̀ ā̀ Ã ã Ą ą Ą́ ą́ Ą̃ ą̃ A̲ a̲ ᶏ[15]
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to A (the International Phonetic Alphabet only uses lowercase, just uppercase forms are used in some other writing systems):
- Ɑ ɑ : Latin letter alpha / script A, which represents an open dorsum unrounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶐ : Latin small letter alpha with retroflex claw[fifteen]
- Ɐ ɐ : Turned A, which represents a near-open central vowel in the IPA
- Λ ʌ : Turned V (also called a wedge, a caret, or a lid), which represents an open-mid back unrounded vowel in the IPA
- Ɒ ɒ : Turned blastoff / script A, which represents an open dorsum rounded vowel in the IPA
- ᶛ : Modifier alphabetic character small turned alpha[15]
- ᴀ : Pocket-sized majuscule A, an obsolete or non-standard symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet used to represent various sounds (mainly open vowels)
- A a ᵄ : Modifier letters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet (UPA)[16] (sometimes encoded with Unicode subscripts and superscripts)
- a : Subscript small a is used in Indo-European studies[17]
- ꬱ : Small letter a reversed-schwa is used in the Teuthonista phonetic transcription system[xviii]
- Ꞻ ꞻ : Glottal A, used in the transliteration of Ugaritic[19]
Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations
- ª : an ordinal indicator
- Å : Ångström sign
- ∀ : a turned capital letter letter A, used in predicate logic to specify universal quantification ("for all")
- @ : At sign
- ₳ : Argentine austral
Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets
- 𐤀 : Semitic letter Aleph, from which the post-obit symbols originally derive[20]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the following letters derive[21]
- А а : Cyrillic letter A[22]
- Ⲁ ⲁ : Coptic letter Blastoff[23]
- 𐌀 : Former Italic A, which is the antecedent of modernistic Latin A[24] [25]
- ᚨ : Runic letter of the alphabet ansuz, which probably derives from old Italic A[26]
- 𐌰 : Gothic letter aza/asks[27]
- Α α : Greek letter Blastoff, from which the following letters derive[21]
- Ա ա : Armenian alphabetic character Ayb
Code points
These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems
| Preview | A | a | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | LATIN Capital A | LATIN SMALL Letter A | ||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 65 | U+0041 | 97 | U+0061 |
| UTF-8 | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
| Numeric character reference | A | A | a | a |
| EBCDIC family | 193 | C1 | 129 | 81 |
| ASCII 1 | 65 | 41 | 97 | 61 |
- 1 As well for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.
Other representations
Use as a number
In the hexadecimal (base xvi) numbering system, A is a number that corresponds to the number ten in decimal (base x) counting.
Notes
- ^ Aes is the plural of the proper name of the letter. The plural of the letter itself is rendered As, A'due south, asouthward, or a's.[two]
Footnotes
- ^ "Latin alphabet | Definition, Description, History, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved iii March 2021.
- ^ a b Simpson & Weiner 1989, p. 1
- ^ McCarter 1974, p. 54
- ^ a b c Hoiberg 2010, p. 1
- ^ a b c d Hall-Quest 1997, p. 1
- ^ a b c d Diringer 2000, p. one
- ^ Gelb & Whiting 1998, p. 45
- ^ "Letter frequency (English language)". en.algoritmy.net. Archived from the original on 4 March 2021. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
- ^ "Corpus de Thomas Tempé". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved xv June 2007.
- ^ Pratt, Fletcher (1942). Surreptitious and Urgent: The story of codes and ciphers. Garden City, NY: Blueish Ribbon Books. pp. 254–5. OCLC 795065.
- ^ "Frequência da ocorrência de letras no Português". Archived from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved sixteen June 2009.
- ^ Tom Sorell, Descartes: A Very Brusque Introduction, (2000). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 19.
- ^ Ciani & Sheldon 2010, pp. 99–100
- ^ Luciani, Jené (2009). The Bra Book: The Fashion Formula to Finding the Perfect Bra. Dallas, TX: Benbella Books. p. 13. ISBN9781933771946. OCLC 317453115.
- ^ a b c Constable, Peter (19 April 2004), L2/04-132 Proposal to Add Additional Phonetic Characters to the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 Oct 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002), L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet Characters for the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (7 June 2004), L2/04-191: Proposal to Encode Six Indo-Europeanist Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Everson, Michael; Dicklberger, Alois; Pentzlin, Karl; Wandl-Vogt, Eveline (2 June 2011), L2/11-202: Revised Proposal to Encode "Teuthonista" Phonetic Characters in the UCS (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017, retrieved 24 March 2018 – via world wide web.unicode.org
- ^ Suignard, Michel (9 May 2017), L2/17-076R2: Revised Proposal for the Encoding of an Egyptological YOD and Ugaritic Characters (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2019, retrieved 8 March 2019 – via www.unicode.org
- ^ Jensen, Hans (1969). Sign, Symbol, and Script. New York: G.P. Putman's Sons.
- ^ "Hebrew Lesson of the Calendar week: The Alphabetic character Aleph". 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018 – via The Times of Israel.
- ^ "Cyrillic Alphabet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 26 May 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
- ^ Silvestre, M. J. B. (1850). Universal Palaeography. Translated past Madden, Frederic. London: Henry Yard. Bohn. Archived from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Frothingham, A. Fifty., Jr. (1891). "Italic Studies". Archaeological News. American Periodical of Archaeology. seven (4): 534. JSTOR496497. Archived from the original on xviii February 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Steele, Philippa 1000., ed. (2017). Understanding Relations Between Scripts: The Aegean Writing Systems. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN9781785706479. Archived from the original on vi May 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010). Indo-European Linguistic communication and Culture: An Introduction (2d ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN9781444359688. Archived from the original on xiv August 2021. Retrieved 27 October 2020.
- ^ "𐌰". Wiktionary. Archived from the original on 17 December 2020. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
References
- "English Letter Frequency". Math Explorer's Order. Cornell University. 2004. Archived from the original on 22 April 2014. Retrieved 28 May 2014.
- "Percentages of Alphabetic character Frequencies per Thousand Words". Trinity College. 2006. Archived from the original on 25 January 2007. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
- Ciani, Keith D.; Sheldon, Kennon Grand. (2010). "A Versus F: The Effects of Implicit Letter Priming on Cognitive Performance". British Journal of Educational Psychology. lxxx (1): 99–119. doi:x.1348/000709909X466479. PMID 19622200.
- Diringer, David (2000). "A". In Bayer, Patricia (ed.). Encyclopedia Americana. Vol. I: A-Anjou (Commencement ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-0133-4.
- Gelb, I. J.; Whiting, R. G. (1998). "A". In Ranson, K. Anne (ed.). Bookish American Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A–Ang (Showtime ed.). Danbury, CT: Grolier. ISBN978-0-7172-2068-seven.
- Hall-Quest, Olga Wilbourne (1997). "A". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.). Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. I: A to Ameland (First ed.). New York, NY: P.F. Collier.
- Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "A". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1: A-ak–Bayes. Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. ISBN978-i-59339-837-eight.
- McCarter, P. Kyle (1974). "The Early Diffusion of the Alphabet". The Biblical Archaeologist. 37 (three): 54–68. doi:10.2307/3210965. JSTOR 3210965. S2CID 126182369.
- Simpson, J. A.; Weiner, E.S.C., eds. (1989). "A". The Oxford English language Lexicon. Vol. I: A–Bazouki (2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-861213-one.
External links
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to A. |
 | Look upward A or a in Wiktionary, the gratuitous dictionary. |
- History of the Alphabet
-
Texts on Wikisource: - "A" in A Lexicon of the English Language by Samuel Johnson
- "A". The American Cyclopædia. 1879.
- "A". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
- "A". The New Pupil's Reference Work. 1914.
- "A". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A
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